The Roman Republic, established around 509 BC, was a period of ancient Roman civilization characterized by a system of government that replaced monarchy with a complex form of representative democracy. It featured elected officials such as consuls and senators who held significant power. The Republic was marked by a struggle between the patricians (aristocratic families) and plebeians (common citizens) for political rights, leading to reforms that expanded citizen participation. Key historical events include the Punic Wars against Carthage and the rise of influential leaders like Julius Caesar. The Republic ultimately transitioned into the Roman Empire around 27 BC, following a series of civil wars and political upheaval.